[NIFL-FAMILY:445] Re: Barriers to Family Literacy

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Subject: [NIFL-FAMILY:445] Re: Barriers to Family Literacy
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Here are SOME common obstacles to participation in a family literacy 
program--focusing on the adult education component and the parent-child 
activity component. (These are based on our own experience at a 
community-based family literacy program in Chicago.)

-- Medical problems:  Many potential participants have chronic health 
problems such as asthma, diabetes, or high blood pressure--or they may be 
caring for family members who have these problems.  This may prevent families 
from enrolling in the first place or may interfere with attendance.

--Mobility:  Many low-income families do not have a permanent home or may 
move frequently for a variety of reasons.  They may not participate in a 
program because they move in and out of a service area, or they may simply be 
frequently caught up with the labor and exhaustion of packing, hauling, 
getting settled in a new place, getting electricity turned on, etc.  Families 
may temporarily separate--e.g children may go and stay with grandparents for 
several months, while parents try to find a better place to stay or while 
parents try to get their lives together in some other way.

--Transportation.   In urban areas, participants may not have carfare for 
public transportation--or in some cases may not budget for carfare.  Also, 
the site may not be convenient to public transportation or may require 
multiple transfers from bus to bus, or bus to rapid transit. In rural or 
suburban areas, potential participants may not have access to a car or a ride

--Domestic violence.  Some participants may be held back by a partner who 
abuses them or tries to prevent their attending school regularly.  
Participants may be ashamed to attend or may be caught up in trying to 
protect themselves and their children from their abusers (through making 
police reports, getting court orders, etc).

--Gang activity:  The prospective participant may be caught up in a gang 
himself or herself, and the demands of the gang override everything.  Or, 
more often, the prospective participant may have to deal with the effects of 
gang activity or violence:  The prospective participant may be afraid to go 
out of the apartment with his or her children for fear of being attacked by 
gang members or getting caught in crossfire. The individual may lose more 
than one relative--a brother, a cousin, an uncle--to gang violence, and be 
caught up in hospital vigils, planning and attending funerals, and grieving.

--"Giving up":  Some potential adult participants feel that they have already 
failed at school, so why should they try now?  They may devalue their own 
importance in helping their children learn because they "don't know how."  
Others--especially teen parents--may enroll and then drop out because their 
progress seems too slow to them.  Their expectations for rapid progress may 
unrealistic, and when they are not ready to take and pass the GED within a 
few weeks or months, the goal may seem unattainable to them, so they quit.

--Schedule conflicts related to work:  Many participants work at odd jobs or 
on irregular shifts so it is hard to schedule adult education and 
parent-child activities around their work.  Or they may be temporarily 
unemployed and decide to enroll, but then get a full-time job the next week 
and quit the program.

--Simple exhaustion:  Many adults are exhausted with multiple demands of work 
(regular or sporadic), going back and forth to public aid offices or 
social-service agencies when their caseworkers schedule frequent and 
inflexible appointment times, legal issues, childrearing, caring for other 
family members,  keeping medical appointments (see above), moving, dealing 
with family conflicts,  etc. Pregnant mothers may be exhausted from the 
pregnancy itself.

--Trouble managing time or self-care:  Teen parents, especially, may not 
organize their time well or prioritize their home and school activities well. 
 For example, teen parents may stay up very late "partying" and then be too 
tired the next day to get themselves and their kids ready to go and enroll at 
school--or to attend a program once enrolled. 

--Substance abuse: The prospective participant may have the problem or may be 
dealing with a relative who does.

--Lack of awareness of program:  Some prospective families may not have HEARD 
of the family literacy program or may not know they are eligible for it.

--Shame:  Some prospective participants may be ashamed of their skill levels. 
They may not be able to face it themselves and thus do not enroll. Or they 
may have been covering up their literacy problems among family members and 
friends and may be afraid that others will learn that they cannot read or do 
not have a diploma after all.

--Mental/behavioral health issues:  Some prospective participants may be 
clinically depressed or have other mental health issues that prevent their 
enrolling or attending.  Some may have emotional/behavioral problems--e.g. 
becoming easily enraged--that make it difficult to participate in a group 
setting.

--Prevention by public aid caseworker or "system": Occasionally, a parent 
really wants to participate in a family literacy program, but her public aid 
caseworker or public aid office may insist that she not attend school but 
rather seek a job and work full-time.

This is a partial list!  Some of these obstacles are more easily surmountable 
than others.  A family-literacy program or its referral agencies may be able 
to help in many cases--in other cases, no matter how much the program tries 
(through information, direct service, or referrals), the obstacle is (at 
least temporarily) insurmountable.

I'll try to write some of the ways to address these obstacles--or at least 
the approaches our program has tried--but don't have time right now! 

I'm sure you will find a lot of information on this topic--and it may vary 
depending on the region, the population, etc.  The better you know the 
population you are working with and the environment they live and work in, 
the more easily you yourself (the provider) can determine the potential 
obstacles.

Betsy Rubin
Blue Gargoyle Family Learning Project
Chicago, IL



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